In the last chapter of the book Parvus considers how this new scenario for the Ignatian letters impacts our understanding of early Christian history and literature. In particular, he notes certain similarities between the Ignatian and Johannine literature, and he shows how an Apellean origin for the Gospel and Letters of John explains many of their puzzling aspects. The proto-Catholic church's acceptance of the Johannine writings in a modified form was, Parvus claims, part of a reconciliation of this church with former followers of Apelles.